1964

2010

2012

2016

Antecedentes

Fase Exploratoria

Fase de Conversaciones

Reforma rural integral

Participación política

Solución al problema de drogas ilícitas

Víctimas

Fin del conflicto

Verificación y seguimiento

Fase de Renegociación Fase de Implementación

Precedents

1982 - 2010

With the precedent of the confrontation between liberal and conservative guerrillas of the “La Violencia” era in Colombia, the armed confrontation between the Colombian State and the FARC-EP dates back to the 1960s with the formation of the guerrilla group in 1964, and the evolution and deployment of its guerrilla structures in different regions of the country during the following decades.

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Exploratory Phase

2010 - 2012

The Exploratory phase of the talks between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP took place between September 2010 and August 2012. It all began with an exchange of letters and communications – through third party delegates – and ended with the General Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace, which guided the course and rules of the talks during the public stage.

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What was the origin of the dialogues between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP in 2012?

Conversations Phase

2012 - 2016

On October 18, 2012, the Negotiations Table was installed, thus initiating the public phase of the process to be carried out in Havana, with the objective of reaching agreements on the six points of the agenda. On August 24, 2016, a first Final Agreement was reached, which was signed in Cartagena a month later.

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The challenges of negotiating during wartime

Renegotiation Phase

2016

Following the Constitutional Court’s endorsement to establish a mechanism for citizen endorsement of what was agreed in Havana (Cuba), on October 2, 2016, the Plebiscite for peace was held. Colombians were asked: “Do you support the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace?”. 6,431,376 citizens (50.21%) voted “No” and 6,377,482 (49.78%) “Yes”. In view of the disapproval of the Agreement, the Colombian government activated a Great National Dialogue with the purpose of collecting proposals for adjustments and clarifications from sectors that had voted in favor and against the Agreement. With these proposals, the government and FARC-EP sat down again in Havana to build a new agreement to be reached on November 12, 2016.

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How was the Peace Agreement renegotiated?

Implementation Phase

2016 - present

With the endorsement of the Final Agreement through the Congress of the Republic, the Implementation phase of the Agreement began on December 1, 2016. Among the first milestones of the implementation, the Commission for Monitoring, Promotion and Verification of Implementation (CSIVI) and the National Council for Reincorporation (CNR) were created as joint government and FARC-EP bodies to monitor the implementation process.

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Comprehensive Rural Reform

Item 1 contains the agreement regarding the Comprehensive Rural Reform (RRI according to its Spanish initials), which seeks to ensure the wellbeing of rural residents by deeply transforming their reality. This transformation is focused on bringing development to rural areas, eradicating rural poverty and ensuring the full enjoyment of citizen’s rights in rural areas.

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The importance of the countryside in the Peace Agreement

Political Participation

Item 2 contains the agreement regarding political participation. This agreement is a unique opportunity to advance in the broadening and deepening of our democratic system.

Though the nation took big steps toward a true democratic opening with the 1991 Political Constitution—allowing new political parties and movements to enter the political arena, as well as proclaiming fundamental values and principles that have strengthened political institutions—, many of those values and principles have not materialized, largely due to the internal armed conflict. As such, it was necessary to reach some agreements regarding this subject.

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Exchanging bullets for votes

Solution to the Problem of Illicit Drugs

Item 4 contains the agreement regarding the solution to the problem of illicit drugs, which promotes a distinct and differentiated treatment of the phenomena of consumption, the problem of illicit crops, and the organized crime associated with drug trafficking. This agreement additionally ensures a general focus on human rights and public health with differentiated gender and ethnicity perspectives.

Given that the cultivation, production and commercialization of illicit drugs has intersected, fueled and financed the internal conflict, resolving the drug problem in these regions contributes to non-repetition of the conflict.

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An innovating solution to the eternal drug problem

Victims

Item 5 contains the agreement regarding victims of the conflict, which leads to the creation of the Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparations and Non-repetition.

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The role of victims in the Peace Agreement

End of Conflict

Item 3 contains agreements regarding the ceasefire and cessation of hostilities, the laying down of arms, the Reincorporation of the FARC-EP into civilian life, and safety guarantees. These agreements are intended to put an end to the armed conflict, to guarantee an effective transition of the FARC-EP from an armed organization to a political party or movement, and to create conditions that will impede new outbreaks of violence and new war victims.

The approach to the subjects in this item begins from the premise that, to solve the problems that prolonged the armed conflict for over fifty years, rifles must be silenced and there must be minimal safety requirements for transforming territories that were historically affected by armed confrontations.

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How was the end of the armed conflict with the FARC-EP

Implementation, Verification and Ratification

Given the importance of guaranteeing the implementation of the agreements reached, between July and August of 2016, the Government and the FARC-EP discussed as the sixth and last item on the agenda, the mechanisms related to the implementation and verification of the Final Agreement.

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VER TODOS LOS TEMAS

Visión, reglas y mecanismos del Proceso Ciclos del 1 al 9:Reforma Rural Integral Ciclos del 10 al 16:Participación Política Ciclos del 17 al 25:Solución al Problema de drogas ilícitas Ciclos del 26 al 45:Víctimas Ciclos del 46 al 50:Fin del Conflicto Ciclos del 51 al 52:Refrendación, verificación e implementación Enfoques diferenciales del Acuerdo

Gender-based Perspective

The gender-based perspective is understood as the recognition of equal rights among men and women, and of the special circumstances for each, particularly for women as a subject with rights and special protections, regardless of her marital status, lifecycle and family or community relations. This perspective is intended to guarantee affirmative actions for promoting said equality while also promoting the active participation of women in building peace and the recognition of their victimization, and that of the LGBTI population, as well as the disproportionate and differentiated impacts that the armed conflict has had on them. Through the administrative efforts and arduous labor of different women’s organizations, and with commitments from both parties, not only did the Negotiating Table meet with women delegates from both parties, but in June of 2014, it also appealed for a gender subcommittee that, parallel to the Negotiating Table, would be tasked with incorporating the gender perspective in all of the agreements reached by the delegations until the very end of the conversations. In addition to addressing the proposals received from different civil society organizations, various exchanges took place between delegates to the Table and representatives from LGBTI and women’s organizations that had been invited as experts. The table also received the UN’s special representative of the secretary general on sexual violence and a delegation of ex-combatant women. In July 2016, after all of these events, the agreements that had been reached up to that date were released to the public with an incorporated gender perspective. After the agreement failed to be ratified through a plebiscite, it was renegotiated and certain terms and measures that had been agreed to were refined and adjusted to reflect some of the proposals submitted by social sectors who had opposed the first Final Agreement.

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The inclusion of Differential Approaches in the Final Agreement

Learn more about what was included in the Final Agreement related to the gender-based and ethnic-based approaches: the objectives, main milestones in the negotiating table, who participated and what were the results. The translation of this piece was made possible thanks to the support of the Embassy of Canada in Colombia.